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Production environment
Since GALILEO100 is a general purpose system and it is used by several users at the same time, long production jobs must be submitted using a queuing system. This guarantees that access to the resources is as fair as possible.
Roughly speaking, there are two different modes to use an HPC system: Interactive and Batch. For a general discussion see the section "Production Environment".
Interactive
A serial program can be executed in the standard UNIX way:
> ./program
This is allowed only for very short runs, since the interactive environment set on the login nodes has a 10 minutes time limit: for longer runs please use the "batch" mode.
A parallel program can be executed interactively only by submitting an "Interactive" SLURM batch job, using the "srun" command: the job is queued and scheduled as any other job, but when executed, the standard input, output, and error streams are connected to the terminal session from which srun was launched.
For example, to start an interactive session with the MPI program "myprogram", using one node and two processors, you can launch the command:
> salloc -N 1 --ntasks-per-node=2 -A <account_name>
SLURM will then schedule your job to start, and your shell will be unresponsive until free resources are allocated for you. If not specified, the default time limit for this kind of jobs is one hour.
When the shell returns a prompt inside the compute node, you can execute your program by typing:
> srun ./myprogram
(srun is recommended with respect to mpirun for this environment)
SLURM automatically exports the environment variables you defined in the source shell, so that if you need to run your program "myprogram" in a controlled environment (i.e. with specific library paths or options), you can prepare the environment in the login shell and be sure to find it again in the interactive shell o the compute node.
On systems using SLURM, you can submit a script script.x using the command:
> sbatch script.x
You can get a list of defined partitions with the command:
> sinfo
For more information and examples of job scripts, see section Batch Scheduler SLURM.
Submitting serial Batch Jobs
The partition will be available in the full production.
Graphic session
If a graphic session is desired we recommend to use the tool "RCM". PLease install the latest version of RCM. See the corresponding paragraph to know more about how to download and use RCM.
Submitting parallel Batch Jobs
To run parallel batch jobs on GALILEO100 you need to specify the partition and the qos that are described in this user guide.
If you do not specify the partition, your jobs will try to run on the default partition g100_usr_prod.
The minimum number of cores you can request for a batch job is 1. The maximum number of cores that you can request is (16 nodes). It is also possible to request a maximum walltime of 24 hours. Defaults are as follows:
If you do not specify the walltime (by means of the #SBATCH --time directive), a default value of 30 minutes will be assumed.
If you do not specify the number of cores (by means of the "SBATCH -n" directive) a default value of 1 core will be assumed.
If you do not specify the amount of memory (as the value of the "SBATCH --mem" DIRECTIVE), a default value of 7800 MBper core will be assumed.
The maximum memory per node is 375300MB (366.5GB) for thin and viz nodes, about 3TB for fat nodes.
Processor affinity
Processor affinity, or CPU pinning, enables the binding of processes and threads to a CPU (or group of CPUs). It is crucial to ensure the correct affinity so to avoid the CPUs overallocation, with a significant reduction of performances. It becomes a critical matter when you ask for a full node but, for your specific reasons (memory needs etc.) you don't use all the cores.
The following indications work when running your executables with srun, which is the recommended option against mpirun. We refer to a hybrid MPI/OpenMP case.
Given your optimal value of OMP_NUM_THREADS and number of processes, to obtain the full node ask for a number of task such that ( --ntasks-per-node * --cpus-per-task )= 48.
- To avoid the processes overallocation of cores rely on the --cpu-bind=cores option of srun (you can skip it if you use all the requested cores)
- To enforce the threads affinity use the Intel parameter KMP_AFFINITY, or the OpenMP parameter OMP_PLACES
- To distribute the MPI tasks consecutively inside the sockets, use the -m block:block option of srun (or the equivalent sbatch directive #SBATCH -m block:block)
#!/bin/bash
#SBATCH --nodes=1
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=12
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=4
#SBATCH --account=<your_account>
module load autoload intelmpi/oneapi-2021–binary
export OMP_NUM_THREADS=4
export KMP_AFFINITY=compact # or OMP_PLACES=cores
srun --cpu-bind=cores -m block:block <your_exe>
Use of GPUs on Galileo100
to be soon defined
Users with reserved resources
Users of projects that require reserved resources (such as industrial users or users associated to an agreement that involves dedicated resources) will be associated to a QOS qos_ind.
Using the qos_ind (i.e. specifying the QOS in the submission script) , and specifying the partition g100_spc_prod, users associated to the allowed project will run their jobs on reserved nodes in the g100_spc_prod partition with the features and limits imposed for the particular account.
>#SBATCH --partition=g100_spc_prod
>#SBATCH --qos=qos_ind
Summary
In the following table, you can find all the main features and limits imposed on the SLURM partitions and QOS.
SLURM partition | QOS | # cores per job | max walltime | max running jobs per user/ max n. of cpus/nodes per user | max memory per node (MB) | priority | notes |
g100_usr_interactive | noQOS | 2 nodes | 8:00:00 | / | 7800 | 40 | on nodes with GPUs |
g100_usr_prod | noQOS g100_qos_dbg g100_qos_bprod | min = 1 max = 32 nodes min = 1 max = 96 (2 nodes) min = 1537 (33 nodes) max = (3072) 64 nodes | 24:00:00 02:00:00 24:00:00 | 375300 | 80 60 | runs on thin and fat nodes | |
g100_spc_prod | Every account have a valid QOS qos_ind to access this partition | Depending on the QOS used by the particular account | 24:00:00 | / | 375300 | n/a | Partition dedicated to specific kinds of users. Runs on thin nodes |
g100_meteo_prod | qos_meteo | 24:00:00 | 375300 | 40 | Partition reserved to meteo services, NOT opened to production Runs on thin nodes |
_ fino a qui_
Programming environment
Intel Compilers
The native, and recommended, compilers on Galileo100 are the Intel ones, since the architecture is based on Intel processors and therefore using the Intel compilers may result in a significant improvement in performance and stability of your code. On the cluster is installed the new suite Intel OneAPI. Initialize the environment with the module command:
> module load intel/oneapi-2021–binary
> module list
Currently Loaded Modulefiles:
intel/oneapi-2021–binary
The suite contains the new Intel oneAPI nextgen compilers (icx, icpx, ifx) and the classic compilers (icc, icpc, ifort, ...):
| Classic | oneAPI | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C/C++ compilers | icc/icpc | icx/icpx | icx
| icpc | icpx | Fortran compilers | ifort | ifx |
- icx/icc: C compilers (oneAPI/classic)
- icpx/icpc: C++ compilers (oneAPI/classic)
- ifx/ifort: Fortran compilers (oneAPI/classic)
NOTE:
- the use of the new Intel® oneAPI C/C++ Compilers (icx, icpx) is equivalent with respect to the classic C/C++ Compilers (icc, icpc)
- the use of Intel® Fortran Compiler Classic (ifort) is recommended against the Intel® oneAPI Fortran Compiler (Beta) (ifx)
The documentation can be obtained with the man command after loading the relevant module:
> man ifort
> man icx
Some miscellaneous flags are described in the following:
-extend_source Extend over the 77 column F77's limit -free / -fixed Free/Fixed form for Fortran -ip Enables additional interprocedural optimization for single-file compilation -ipo Enables interprocedural optimization between files - whole program optimisation
| |||
| Fortran compilers | ifort | ifx |
|
NOTE:
- ICX is a new compiler. It has functional and behavioral differences compared to ICC. You can expect some porting will be needed for existing applications using ICC. According to Intel, the transition from ICC Classic to ICX is smooth and effortless. However, you must port and tune any existing applications from ICC Classic to ICX. Please refer to the official Intel Porting Guide for ICC Users to DPCPP or ICX
- IFORT is a completely new compiler. According to Intel, although considerable effort is being made to make the transition from ifort to ifx as smooth and as effortless as possible, customers can expect that some effort may be required to tune their application. IFORT will remain Intel’s recommended production compiler until ifx has performance and features superior to ifort. Please refer to the official Intel Porting Guide for ifort Users to ifx
The documentation can be obtained with the man command after loading the relevant module:
> man ifort
> man icx
Some miscellaneous flags are described in the following:
-extend_source Extend over the 77 column F77's limit
-free / -fixed NOTE for the migration from Galileo to Galileo100: In principle, binaries generated on Galileo should work, but we strongly recommend you to reinstall all your software applications since on Galileo100 there is a different Operating System (Centos 8.3).
PORTLAND Group (PGI)
Initialize the environment with the module command:
> module load profile/advanced
> module load pgi
The name of the PGI compilers are:
- pgf77: Fortran77 compiler
- pgf90: Fortran90 compiler
- pgf95: Fortran95 compiler
- pghpf: High Performance Fortran compiler
- pgcc: C compiler
- pgCC: C++ compiler
The documentation can be obtained with the man command after loading the relevant module:
> man pgf95
> man pgcc
Some miscellaneous flags are described in the following:
-Mextend To extend over the 77 column F77's limit -Mfree / -Mfixed Free/Fixed form for Fortran -fastip ChoosesEnables generallyadditional optimalinterprocedural flagsoptimization for the target platformsingle-file compilation -fastsseipo Chooses generally optimalEnables flagsinterprocedural foroptimization abetween processorfiles that- supportswhole SSEprogram instructions
GNU compilers
optimisation
NOTE for the migration from Galileo to Galileo100: In principle, binaries generated on Galileo should work, but we strongly recommend you to reinstall all your software applications since on Galileo100 there is a different Operating System (Centos 8.3).
GNU compilers
The gnu compilers are The gnu compilers are always available but they are not the best optimizing compilers, especially for an IntelOneAPI-based cluster like GALILEO100. The default version is 10.2.0.
For a more recent version of the compiler, initialize the environment with the module command:
> module load gnu
The name of the GNU compilers are:
- g77: Fortran77 compiler
- gfortran: Fortran95 Fortran compiler
- gcc: C compiler
- g++: C++ compiler
The documentation can be obtained with the man command:
> man gfortan
> man gcc
Some miscellaneous flags are described in the following:
-ffixed-line-length-132 To extend over the 77 column F77's limit
-ffree-form / -ffixed-form Free/Fixed form for FortranDebuggers and Profilers
If your code aborts at runtime, there may be a problem with it. In order to solve it, you can decide to analyze the core file (feature not available if the code is compiled with PGI) or to run your code using a debugger.
Compiler flagsIn both cases, you need to enable compiler runtime checks, by putting specific flags during the compilation phase. In the following we describe those flags for the different Fortran compilers: if you are using the C or C++ compiler, please keep in mind that the flags may differ.
The following flags are generally available for all compilers and are mandatory for an easier debugging session:
-O0 Lower level of optimisation
-g Produce debugging information
Other flags are compiler-specific and are described in the following.
INTEL Fortran compiler
The following flags are useful (in addition to "-O0 -g") for debugging your code:
-traceback generate extra information to provide source file traceback at run time
-fp-stack-check generate extra code to ensure that the floating-point stack is in the expected state
-check bounds enables checking for array subscript expressions
-fpe0 allows some control over floating-point exception handling at run-time
PORTLAND Group (PGI) Compilers
The following flags are useful (in addition to "-O0 -g") for debugging your code:
-C Add array bounds checking
-Ktrap=ovf,divz,inv Controls the behavior of the processor when exceptions occur:
FP overflow, divide by zero, invalid operands
GNU Fortran compilers
The following flags are useful (in addition to "-O0 -g") for debugging your code:
- with "gnu" standard
- gcc: C compiler
- g++: C++ compiler
The "gnu" standard is the default value for the -std option. It specifies a superset of the latest Fortran standard that includes all of the extensions supported by GNU Fortran, although warnings will be given for obsolete extensions not recommended for use in new code. To change the standard to which the program is expected to conform, set the -std option to one of the possible values (f95, f2003, f2008, f2018, gnu, or legacy).
The documentation can be obtained with the man command:
> man gfortan
> man gcc
Some miscellaneous flags are described in the following:
-ffixed-line-length-132-Wall EnablesTowarnings
extendpertaining
overto
theusage
77that
columnshould be avoided
F77's limit -fbounds
ffree-check Checks for array subscripts.
form / -ffixed-form Free/Fixed form for FortranDebuggers and Profilers
If your code aborts at runtime, there may be a problem with it. In order to solve it, you can decide to analyze the core file (feature not available if the code is compiled with PGI) or to run your code using a debugger.
Compiler flags
In both cases, you need to enable compiler runtime checks, by putting specific flags during the compilation phase. In the following we describe those flags for the different Fortran compilers: if you are using the C or C++ compiler, please keep in mind that the flags may differ.
The following flags are generally available for all compilers and are mandatory for an easier debugging session:
-O0 Lower level of optimisation
-g Produce debugging information
Other flags are compiler-specific and are described in the following.
INTEL Fortran compiler
The following flags are useful (in addition to "-O0 -g") for debugging your code:
-traceback generate extra information to provide source file traceback at run time
-fp-stack-check generate extra code to ensure that the floating-point stack is in the expected state
-check bounds enables checking for array subscript expressions
-fpe0 allows some control over floating-point exception handling at run-time
GNU Fortran compilers
The following flags are useful (in addition to "-O0 -g") for debugging your code:
-Wall Enables warnings pertaining to usage that should be avoided
-fbounds-check Checks for array subscripts.
GNU: gdb (serial debugger)
GDB is the GNU Project debugger and allows you to see what is going on 'inside' your program while it executes -- or what the program was doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
- Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
- Make your program stop on specified conditions.
- Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
- Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
More details in the online documentation, using the "man gdb" command.
To use this debugger, you should compile your code with one of the gnu compilers and the debugging command-line options described above, then you run your executable inside the "gdb" environment:
> module load gnu
> gfortran -O0 -g -Wall -fbounds-check -o myexec myprog.f90
> gdb ./myexec
Core file analysis
In order to understand what problem was affecting your code, you can also try a "Core file" analysis. Since core files are usually quite large, be sure to work in the /scratch area.
There are several steps to follow:
- Increase the limit for possible core dumping
> ulimit -c unlimited (bash)
> limit coredumpsize unlimited (csh/tcsh)
- If you are using Intel compilers, set to TRUE the decfort_dump_flag environment variable
> export decfort_dump_flag=TRUE (bash)
> setenv decfort_dump_flag TRUE (csh/tcsh)
- Compile your code with the debug flags described above.
- Run your code and create the core file.
- Analyze the core file using different tools depending on the original compiler.
INTEL compilers
> module load intel
> ifort -O0 -g -traceback -fp-stack-check -check bounds -fpe0 -o myexec progIn the following we report informations about some ways to debug your codes:PGI: pgdbg (serial/parallel debugger)
pgdbg is the Portland Group Inc. symbolic source-level debugger for F77, F90, C, C++ and assembly language programs. It is capable of debugging applications that exhibit various levels of parallelism, including:
- Single-thread, serial applications
- Multi-threaded applications
- Distributed MPI applications
- Any combination of the above
There are two forms of the command used to invoke pgdbg. The first is used when debugging non-MPI applications, the second form, using mpirun, is used when debugging MPI applications:
> pgdbg [options] ./myexec [args]
> mpirun [options] -dbg=pgdbg ./myexec [args]
More details in the on line documentation, using the "man pgdbg" command after loading the module.
To use this debugger, you should compile your code with one of the pgi compilers and the debugging command-line options described above, then you run your executable inside the "pgdbg" environment:
> module load profile/advancedBy default, pgdbg presents a graphical user interface (GUI). A command-line interface is also provided through the "-text" option.
> module load pgi > pgf90 -O0 -g -C -Ktrap=ovf,divz,inv -o myexec myprog.f90 > pgdbg ./myexec
GNU: gdb (serial debugger)
GDB is the GNU Project debugger and allows you to see what is going on 'inside' your program while it executes -- or what the program was doing at the moment it crashed.
GDB can do four main kinds of things (plus other things in support of these) to help you catch bugs in the act:
- Start your program, specifying anything that might affect its behavior.
- Make your program stop on specified conditions.
- Examine what has happened, when your program has stopped.
- Change things in your program, so you can experiment with correcting the effects of one bug and go on to learn about another.
More details in the online documentation, using the "man gdb" command.
To use this debugger, you should compile your code with one of the gnu compilers and the debugging command-line options described above, then you run your executable inside the "gdb" environment:
> module load gnu
> gfortran -O0 -g -Wall -fbounds-check -o myexec myprog.f90
> gdb ./myexec
Core file analysis
In order to understand what problem was affecting your code, you can also try a "Core file" analysis. Since core files are usually quite large, be sure to work in the /scratch area.
There are several steps to follow:
- Increase the limit for possible core dumping
> ulimit -c unlimited (bash)
> limit coredumpsize unlimited (csh/tcsh)
- If you are using Intel compilers, set to TRUE the decfort_dump_flag environment variable
> export decfort_dump_flag=TRUE (bash)
> setenv decfort_dump_flag TRUE (csh/tcsh)
- Compile your code with the debug flags described above.
- Run your code and create the core file.
- Analyze the core file using different tools depending on the original compiler.
INTEL compilers
> module load intel
> ifort -O0 -g -traceback -fp-stack-check -check bounds -fpe0 -o myexec prog.f90
> ulimit -c unlimited
> export decfort_dump_flag=TRUE
> ./myexec
> ls -lrt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 aer0 cineca-staff 9652 Apr 6 14:34 myexec
-rw------- 1 aer0 cineca-staff 319488 Apr 6 14:35 core.25629
> idbc ./myexec core.25629
PGI compilers
> module load profile/advenced
> module load pgi > pgf90 -O0 -g -C -Ktrap=ovf,divz,inv -o myexec myprog.f90 > ulimit -c unlimited > export decfort_dump_flag=TRUE > ./myexec > ls -lrt -rwxr-xr-x 1 aer0 cineca-staff 9652 Apr 6 14:34 myexec -rw------- 1 aer0 cineca-staff 319488 Apr 6 14:35 core.2566625629 > pgdbg -text -core core.25666idbc ./myexec core.25629
GNU Compilers
> module load gnu
> gfortran -O0 -g -Wall -fbounds-check -o myexec prog.f90 > ulimit -c unlimited > ./myexec > ls -lrt -rwxr-xr-x 1 aer0 cineca-staff 9652 Apr 6 14:34 myexec -rw------- 1 aer0 cineca-staff 319488 Apr 6 14:35 core.25555 > gdb ./myexec core.2555
VALGRIND
Valgrind is a framework for building dynamic analysis tools. There are Valgrind tools that can automatically detect many memory management and threading bugs, and profile your programs in detail. The Valgrind distribution currently includes six production-quality tools: a memory error detector, two thread error detectors, a cache and branch-prediction profiler, a call-graph generating cache profiler, and a heap profiler.
Valgrind is Open Source / Free Software, and is freely available under the GNU General Public License, version 2.
To analyse a serial application:
- Load Valgrind module --> module load valgrind
- Load module for the compiler and compile your code with the compiler you prefer (Use -O0 -g flags)
- Run the executable under Valgrind.
If you normally run your program like this:
myprog arg1 arg2
Use this command line:
valgrind (valgrind-options) myprog arg1 arg2
Memcheck is the default tool. You can add the --leak-ceck option that turns on the detailed memory leak detector. Your program will run much slower than normal, and use a lot more memory. Memcheck will issue messages about memory errors and leaks that it detects.
- Load Valgrind module --> module load valgrind
- Load modules for compiler and openmpi libraries (at present only available for intel and gnu)
- Compile your code with the "-O0 -g" flags both at compiling and linking time
- Run the executable under Valgrind (both in interactive than in batch mode)
mpirun -np 4 valgrind (valgrind-options) myprog arg1 arg2
...
These command names refer to wrappers around the actual compilers, they behave differently depending on the module you have loaded.
...
- mpiifort (Fortran90/77)
- mpiicc (C)
- mpiicpc (C++)
...